Previous empirical studies have found that sleep disruptions have substantial adverse health consequences and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity, arthritis and depression. Sleep problems or dysfunction have significant long-term effects on psychological and physical health, with potential biological mechanisms being associated with increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, metabolic effects, changes in circadian rhythms, and pro-inflammatory responses. Sleep is essential for maintaining healthy systemic physiology across the body systems, including the brain. The perpetuating factor, such as the behaviors an insomniac person adopts in order to cope with their lack of sleep, shows how behavioral factors modify chronicity. The predisposing and precipitating factors, such as worry, child-rearing, and life-stressing occurrences, including physical and mental illness, provide a stress-diathesis perspective of how insomnia manifests. The interaction of three factors is the model’s foundation. The 3P behavioral model of insomnia, which describes how acute insomnia develops and how acute insomnia becomes chronic and self-perpetuating, has gained considerable recognition. Moreover, the pandemic has widened sleep deprivation disparities, with women with young children, those who have experienced COVID-19 infection and Black, Asian and individuals from minority ethnic (BAME) communities all experiencing a heighten risk of sleep loss, which may adversely affect their mental and physical health. It is reported that over half of the population struggled to sleep during this first lockdown and elevated sleep loss since the pandemic has been observed to be higher compared to levels pre-pandemic. The UK entered a state of lockdown on 23 March 2020, in an unprecedented effort to stop the spread of the coronavirus, with the government mandating all those who could to work from home, closing schools, restaurants and all but essential shops, and advising the population to stay at home and limit contact with other individuals outside their household. Sleep problems have been found common during the pandemic and have been associated with higher levels of psychological distress. Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic is having a notable impact on sleep health due to the psychological stressors brought on by the coronavirus itself and the social isolation measures implemented to manage the virus. Our findings suggest promoting good sleep hygiene should be prioritised during the pandemic, and more generally as part of wider programmes aimed at promoting good physical and mental health. Notably, sleep problems are then significantly associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, arthritis and emotional, nervous or psychiatric problems, independent of demographic, socioeconomic, familial and health confounders. The analysis confirms that sleep problems are prevalent and vary between sub-groups among adults.
Binary logistic regressions were applied to investigate the relationship between sleep problem and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes, obesity, arthritis and an emotional, nervous or psychiatric problem over the 15 months follow-up period. A measure of sleep problems was derived from Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questions, reflecting seven dimensions of sleep quality. This prospective longitudinal study aims to examine the consequences of sleep problems for physical and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK, using data from the Understanding Society: COVID-19 Study, a large-scale population-based survey with 12,804 adults aged 16 and above. Relatively little is known about how this may influence the population’s health subsequently. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted upon sleep health.
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